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Costos de Produccion Ganadera de Pequenos Productores en el Altiplano Central

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Title	Costos de Produccion Ganadera de Pequenos Productores en el Altiplano Central
Display Title	Costos de Produccion Ganadera de Pequenos Productores en el Altiplano Central
Title (English)	Livestock Production Costs of Small Ranches on the Central Altiplano
Author	Lopez, Alfredo Benito
Abstract (English)	One of the more important economic activities in the Altiplano region is raising livestock, the exploitation of cattle, sheep, and llamas which are raised and adapted to the conditions surrounding this activity. Livestock production plays a fundamental role in the economy of farming families by providing them products such as meat, milk, cheese, fiber, skins, and other products that each translate into monetary revenues. The present study was carried out in the community of -cChama 6 de julio*, Ingavi Province, Department of La Paz, about 83 km. (51.6 miles) outside of La Paz at an elevation of 3,792 m. (12,440 ft.) above sea level. The annual precipitation is 370 mm. (14.6 inches) and average annual temperature is 12ð C (53.6ð F). The set objectives of this investigative work were: To evaluate the economic behavior of the livestock production (cattle, sheep, and llamas) at the small ranchers 14 level. To cuantify in monetary units the structure of costs and revenues of livestock activity. To carry out a socio-economic analysis of the activity. The statistic parameters used were: measures of means, deviations, and percentages. Techniques used for gathering information include the following: semi-structured interviews, dynamic polls, dialogues, conversations, key informants, and direct observation. In studying the costs and revenues of livestock activity the conventional model of fixed and variable costs was used. The method utilized to evaluate the activity is an adaptation of the economic evaluation expressed by the indicating gauges Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) and Annual Investment Profitability (RI). 42 families dedicated to agricultural and livestock activity were involved in the study. They were functionally classified according to the number of cattle that they have on their land, a classification that resulted in four groups. The first group contained families possessing from 4 to 6 cattle; the second, from 7 to 9; the third, from 10 to 12; and the fourth, the families with 13 to 15 cattle. Also, the number of samples for each class was calculated to be 5 families. As livestock activity is the most important for families in this community, these families have most of their money invested in their herds, investments ranging from 73% to 86% of all their active livestock investments. The other 14% to 27% of their investment is in the livestock infrastructure, tools, materials, and equipment. The amount of land possessed by families in this community ranges from 8 to 40 hectacres (19.8 to 98.8 acres). The meat (cattle, sheep, and llama) is the most important product for commercial purposes. Accordingly, families from class IV achieved the highest production with 812 kg. (180.7 lbs) per year, followed by classes III and II. The lowest annual amount came from families grouped into class I with only 235 kg. (518 lbs). Another product of utmost importance after meat is cheese for which the families of class IV were those that had the highest annual production with 476 units, with an average weight of 0.6 kg (1.3 lbs). They were followed by families in classes III and I. Finally, the families in class II achieved the smallest output with 337 units. 69% to 79% of the total production of meat and cheese is destined for market. The families consume only 10% to 31% of what is produced. Variable costs represent 87.25% of the total expenses. On the other hand, fixed costs amount to only 12.73% of the total. Labor represents the greatest expense, reaching an average of 71.17% of the total expense. Relative to gross annual revenue, families in class IV reached the highest average numbers with 7,996.00 Bs. (Bolivianos). The lowest gross annual revenues correspond to those in class I with only 3,124.00 Bs. Classes III and II occupy intermediate positions between both former classes. Comparing the sources of gross annual revenue, cattle meat occupies the greatest portion with 40.81%. This is followed by cheese production, lamb, and llama meat with 30.84%, 23.30%, and 2.17% respectively. At the same time, cattle meat and cheese provide these farming families with 71.65% of their total gross annual revenue. The net annual revenues are positive only for families in classes IV and III with numbers at 312.00 and 156.00 Bs. On the other hand, classes II and I have negative net revenues at -3,039.00 and -2,455.00 Bs. The indicative Cost-Benefit Relationship (RBC) shows viability of the activity for families from classes IV and III with figures of 1.04 and 1.02. It is not as viable for families in classes II and I with numbers at 0.62 and 0.50. Estimates provided by the annual investment profitability (RI) are only satisfactory for those in classes IV and III with percentages of 4.6% and 2.13%. Unsatisfactory percentages result for classes II and I with -35.45% and -49.31%. According to the results obtained for the four classes, livestock activity carried out by farming families does not provide an acceptable profitability, even for families that have greater numbers of livestock (more than 12 cattle). It would be much less profitable for the families that have smaller herds of livestock.
Abstract (Spanish)	Una de las actividades economicas importantes en la region región del altiplano es la ganaderia, que esta representada por la explotacion de bovinos, ovinos y camelidos totalmente adaptadas a las condiciones del medio. La actividad ganadera juega un rol fundamental en la economia de las familias campesinas al proporcionales productos como came carne, leche, queso, fibra., cueros y otros subproductos, que a su vez se traducen en ingresos monetarios. El presente estudio se realizo en la comunidad "Chama 6 de julio", Provincia Ingavi, Departamento de La Paz, distante a 83 km de la ciudad de La Paz, a una altitud aproximada de 3792 m.s.n.m., precipitacion media anual 370 mm, temperatura media anual 12 C. Los objetivos planteados para el presente trabajo de investigacion fueron: Evaluar el compoitamiento comportamiento economico de la actividad ganadera (bovinos, ovinos, Camelidos) a nivel pequeno productor. Cuantificar en unidades monetarias la estructura de costos e ingresos de la actividad ganadera. Realizar el analisis economico social de la actividad. Los parametros estadisticos utilizados fueron: medidas de tendencia central, medidas de dispersion y porcentajes. Las tecnicas utilizadas para informacion fueron las siguientes: entrevistas semi estructuradas, encuestas dinamicas, dialogos, conversaciones, informantes claves y observacion directa. Para el estudio de costos e ingresos de la actividad ganadera se utilizo el modelo convencional de costos fijos y variables. El metodo utilizado para evaluar la actividad es una adaptacion de la evaluacion economica expresada en indicadores Relacion Beneficio Costo (RBC) RBC y Rentabilidad anual de la inversion (RI). Se trabajo con 42 familias dedicadas a la actividad agropecuaria, a las cuales se estratifico en funcion al numero de bovinos que tienen es sus fincas, resultando cuatro estratos. El primero, familias que poseen de 4 a6 bovinos, el segundo de 7 a 9, el tercero de 10 a12 y el cuarto estrato las familias que tienen de 13 a 15 bovinos. Tambien se calculo el numero de muestras para cada estrato, resultando para ello 5 familias. Como la actividad ganadera es la mas importante para las familias de esta comunidad, estas tienen la mayor inversion de dinero en sus ganados en porcentajes de 73% a 86% del total de inversion en activos. En tanto que la inversion en infraestructura ganadera, herramientas, equipos y materiales representan tan solo entre 14% a 27%. El tamano de tierra, de las familias de esta comunidad varia de 8 a 40 has aproximadamente. La carne (bovina, ovina y camelida) es el producto mas importante para comercializar, por lo tanto las familias del estrato IV alcanzaron la mayor produccion con 812 kg. por ano seguido por los estratos III y II. Mientras que la menor cantidad corresponde a las familias del estrato I con tan solo 235 kg. por ano. Otro producto de inmediata importancia despues de la carne es el queso, para lo cual las familias del estrato IV son tambien las que alcanzaron la mayor produccion anual con 476 unidades, con un peso promedio de 0,6 kg. la unidad, seguido por los estratos III y I. Finalmente las familias del el estrato II alcanzaron la menor cantidad con tan solo 337 unidades. De la produccion total de productos como carne y queso, porcentajes de 69% a 79% estan destinadas a la comercializacion. Mientras que para el consuno familiar tan solo 10% a 31%. Con relacion a los costos, las variables representan el 87,25% del total de costos. En cambio los fijos significan tan solo un 12,73%. La mano de obra representa el mayor costo, alcanzando un promedio de 71,17% del total costos. En relacion a los ingresos brutos anuales, las familias del estrato IV alcanzaron la mayor cifra con 7996,00 Bs., Mientras que los ingresos brutos menores corresponden a las familias del estrato I con tan solo 3124,00 Bs. ocupando los estratos III y II posiciones intemiedias entre estos dos estratos. Haciendo la comparacion por fuentes de ingreso bruto anual en los cuatro estratos, la carne bovina ocupa el primer lugar un 40,81%, seguido por la produccion de queso, carne ovina y carne camelida con 30,84%; 23,30% y 2,17% respectivamente. Al mismo tiempo la carne bovina y queso aportan a las familias campesinas el 71,65% del total de ingresos brutos anuales. Los ingresos netos anuales son positivos solamente para las familias del estrato IV y III con cifras de 312,00 y 156,00 Bs., en cambio son negativos para los estratos II y I en cifras de (3039,00) y (2455,00) Bs. El indicador relacion beneficio costo senala la viabilidad de la actividad, solo para las familias del estrato IV y III con datos de 1,04 y 1,02 y no asi para las familias del estrato II y I con datos de 0,62 y 0,50. Las tasas de rentabilidad anual sobre la inversion son satisfactorias solamente para las familias del estrato IV y III con porcentaje de 4,60% y 2,13% no asi para las familias del estrato II y I con porcentajes de (37,45)% y (49,31)%. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos para los cuatro estratos, la actividad ganadera que realizan las familias campesinas no reporta una rentabilidad aceptable, aun en familias que tienen mayor numero de ganados (mayor a 12 bovinos). Mucho menos puede ser rentable para las familias que tienen menor cantidad de ganados.
Subject	Livestock--Bolivia Cattle--Productivity Sheep--Productivity Llamas--Productivity Ingavi (Bolivia : Provincia) Ranching--Bolivia
Geographic Place Name	Ingavi (Bolivia : Province)
Edition	Electronic reproduction;
Date Digital	2004
Publisher Digital	Brigham Young University
Date Original	2001
Physical Description	xiii, 107, [28] leaves : maps, charts ; 28 cm.
Genre	Dissertations, Academic
Degree/Dissertation Note	Tesis de grado Carrera de Ingenieria Agronomica, Universidad Mayor De San Andres
Department	Facultad de Agronomia.
Advisors	Hector Alvarado Jimenez; Hector Cortez Quispe; Jose Cortes Gumucio; Hermenegildo Nogales Q.; Bernardo Ticona Contreras; Rene Teran Cespedes;
Collection	Benson Institute
Language	Spanish; spa; sp
Country	Bolivia
Type	text
Format	text/PDF
Owning Institution	Brigham Young University
Patron Usage Instructions	http://www.lib.byu.edu/generic_copyright.html
Copyright Status/Owner	Licensed from Alfredo Benito Lopez, 2004
Refresh	2012-04

Title	Costos de Produccion Ganadera de Pequenos Productores en el Altiplano Central
Display Title	Costos de Produccion Ganadera de Pequenos Productores en el Altiplano Central, page i
Title (English)	Livestock Production Costs of Small Ranches on the Central Altiplano
Author	Lopez, Alfredo Benito
Subject	Livestock--Bolivia Cattle--Productivity Sheep--Productivity Llamas--Productivity Ingavi (Bolivia : Provincia) Ranching--Bolivia
Geographic Place Name	Ingavi (Bolivia : Province)
Edition	Electronic reproduction;
Date Digital	2004
Publisher Digital	Brigham Young University
Date Original	2001
Physical Description	xiii, 107, [28] leaves : maps, charts ; 28 cm.
Genre	Dissertations, Academic
Degree/Dissertation Note	Tesis de grado Carrera de Ingenieria Agronomica, Universidad Mayor De San Andres, Facultad de Agronomia
Department	Facultad de Agronomia
Advisors	Hector Alvarado Jimenez; Hector Cortez Quispe; Jose Cortes Gumucio; Hermenegildo Nogales Q.; Bernardo Ticona Contreras; Rene Teran Cespedes;
Collection	Benson Institute
Language	Spanish; spa; sp
Country	Bolivia
Type	text
Format	text/PDF
Owning Institution	Brigham Young University
Patron Usage Instructions	http://www.lib.byu.edu/generic_copyright.html
Copyright Status/Owner	Licensed from Alfredo Benito Lopez, 2004
Refresh	2012-04
File Name	alfredo_lopez_a_001.pdf

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